Physiological Subsystems
System Analogs connect multiple Organ Analogs to model physiological subsystems. The gut-liver axis, cardiopulmonary system, or immuno-oncology network each represent System Analogs that capture inter-organ communication and systemic drug effects that single-organ models cannot predict.
Gut-Liver Axis
Intestinal absorption coupled with hepatic first-pass metabolism for oral bioavailability prediction.
Cardiopulmonary
Heart-lung coupling for respiratory drug delivery and cardiovascular effects assessment.
Immuno-Oncology
Tumor microenvironment with immune cell infiltration for immunotherapy development.
Neuro-Vascular
Blood-brain barrier with CNS tissue for neurological drug delivery studies.
Emergent System Properties
Tier 4 captures emergent properties that arise from organ interactions. Drug-drug interactions, metabolite-mediated toxicity, and systemic immune responses only become apparent when organs communicate. System Analogs are essential for predicting clinical outcomes that depend on multi-organ dynamics.